I would suggest getting a taxi to CA and take the first ferry to West End and then take a ferry from there to Jost van Dyke.

You won't be able to make the 2pm ferry from Red Hook to Jost van Dyke.

You are correct, the 2:30pm from CA stops at Red Hook. In my opinion, it's not worth the time/cost getting on the ferry at Red Hook.

If the ferry runs to schedule, you may be able to make the 4pm from West End. If not, enjoy a drink and take the 6pm ferry.